Blood Relations

Blood Relation questions are based on mingled information given about different family members as in a puzzle. Right from first point onward the information should be put down in a symbolic manner which when combined in the end becomes the family chart.

Before delving further into approach of solving questions, it is important to understand what is meant by different relations –

Sibling	Another child of own parents i.e. brother or sister
Brother	Male sibling (shall never mean cousin)
Sister	Female sibling (shall never mean cousin)
Father's Brother	Paternal Uncle
Father's Sister	Paternal Aunt
Father's Father	Paternal Grand Father
Father's Mother	Paternal Grand Mother
Mother's Brother	Maternal Uncle
Mother's Sister	Maternal Aunt
Mother's Father	Maternal Grand Father
Mother's Mother	Maternal Grand Mother
Sister's Husband	Brother-in-Law
Sister's Daughter	Niece
Sister's Son	Nephew
Brother's Wife	Sister-in-law
Brother's Daughter	Niece
Brother's Son	Nephew
Uncle's Wife	Aunt
Uncle's Daughter	Cousin
Uncle's Son	Cousin
Aunt's Husband	Uncle
Aunt's Daughter	Cousin
Aunt's Son	Cousin
Wife's Father	Father-in-Law
Wife's Mother	Mother-in-Law
Wife's Brother	Brother-in-Law
Wife's Sister	Sister-in-Law
Husband's Father	Father-in-Law
Husband's Mother	Mother-in-Law
Husband's Brother	Brother-in-Law
Husband's Sister	Sister-in-Law
Son's Wife	Daughter-in-Law
Daughter's Husband	Son-in-Law
Daughter's Daughter	Grand Daughter
Daughter's Son	Grand Son
Son's Daughter	Grand Daughter
Son's Son	Grand Son

While solving questions on this chapter it is advised to make family charts with different levels to designate different generations and also write the relation that a person is fulfilling to denote her/his gender as illustrated in #1.

Another important point to remember is that one should not make biases about name/gender as any name could belong to any gender. (refer #2).

While plotting the family chart one should remember that in a sentence if “who” is written it refers to the previous person discussed in the passage. On the other hand if “and” is added to “she” or “he” then it refers to the first person mentioned in that sentence. (refer #2)

#1. A is the brother of B, who’s mother E is married to D, who’s only daughter’s daughter is F. If C is the paternal aunt of A’s son G, then how is B related to G’s only cousin?

a) Aunt   b) Uncle   c) Cousin   d) Can’t be determined

The above information can be broken into points and the family chart shall evolve as follows:

As E & D have only one daughter, it has to be C and B will be uncle to G’s cousin F. Hence b)

#2. Anil and Bhaskar were best friends who later went on to become brothers-in-law. Bhaskar is the only child of his parents who are also friends of Anil’s parents Chirag and Deepa, who have two children Anil and Ekta. How is Bhaskar’s daughter Fagun related to Anil, and how is Chirag related to her?

a) Uncle and Granddaughter   b) Uncle and Grandfather   c) Niece and Grandfather   d) Niece and Grandfather/Grandmother

Here the following chart can be made –

There are only two ways for Anil and Bhaskar being brothers-in-law – i) Anil marries Bhaskar’s sister (which is not possible as Bhaskar is the lone child of his parents) ii) Bhaskar marries Anil’s sister [this has to be true as i) cannot happen]. This also implies that Ekta must be female as Anil has only one sibling. However genders of Chirag and Deepa could not be established and either of them could be father/mother of Anil & Ekta.

Hence Bhaskar and Ekta’s daughter Fagun is niece of Anil while Chirag could be either Grandfather or Grandmother of Fagun. Hence d)

Cubes

To begin with basics, a cube/cuboid has 6 surfaces (top, bottom, left, right, front and back), 8 corners (highlighted in oval) and 12 edges (marked with arrows ). Ref Fig1

Minimum & Maximum pieces from ‘n’ cuts

A cube/cuboid is a 3 dimensional figure and when cut from different dimensions, the resultant number of pieces are obtained on multiplying the number of pieces on each dimension. Hence to minimize the number of pieces from certain number of cuts made on the cube, they should all be assigned on the same dimension (refer Fig 2).

As in Fig 2, a cube has been cut 3 times and as all cuts have been made on the same dimension, the number of pieces are (3 + 1) = 4. Similarly for any ‘n’ number of cuts, the minimum number of pieces is obtained by assigning them on the same dimension (i.e. all across length/breadth/height) and result in (n + 1) pieces

In Fig 2, instead of 3 if we put any other number of cuts the result shall be one more number of pieces.

When trying to maximize the number of pieces with ‘n’ number of cuts, the cuts should be made as equally as possible across all dimensions. Eg. for 3 cuts – 1 each through length, breadth and height (Fig 3); for 4 cuts – 1 through 2 dimensions and 2 through 1 (Fig 4); for 5 cuts – 1 through 1 dimension and 2 through 2 (Fig 5).

In figure 3, 1 cut on each dimension implies (1+1) pieces on each dimension. The total number of pieces is the product of pieces on each dimension – (2 x 2 x 2) = 8.

Having distributed 3 cuts equally across length, breadth and height, the fourth cut is made on one of the dimensions leading to 2 pieces on two of the dimensions and one extra piece i.e. 3 on the dimension which got an additional cut.

In case of 5 cuts, 2 cuts on 2 of the dimensions leave 3 pieces on each of them and 1 cut on the third dimension leads to 2 pieces on that dimension. Hence total number of pieces is –

(3 x 3 x 2) = 18

#1. If a cube is cut 10 times, what is the maximum and minimum pieces that can result from it?

Here minimum pieces shall be (10 + 1) = 11 and maximum will be when the cuts are distributed as equally as possible i.e. 3, 3, 4 across the three dimensions leading to –

(3 + 1) x (3 + 1) x (4 + 1) = 80 pieces.

#2. What is the maximum number of small pieces that a cube can be cut into with17 cuts?

Here the cuts will be distributed as equally as possible across all dimensions in the order 5, 6, 6 which shall result in (5 + 1) x (6+ 1) x (6 + 1) = 294 pieces.

Minimum and Maximum cuts for ‘n’ pieces

In case the number of pieces into which a cube or cuboid is cut into are given, then the maximum cuts that may be required to get them shall be one less than the number of pieces given. This theory is just the reverse of what we discussed above.

As 3 cuts gave 4 pieces on same dimension in figure 2, to get 4 pieces maximum cuts will be required when they are on the same dimension (length/breadth/height), hence (4 – 1).

In order to find the minimum cuts for any number of pieces the following steps need to be followed:

i) Find the nearest cube number ≥ the given number of pieces (let’s say the cube number is ‘A’)

ii) Identify the number of cuts required to get A (by distributing the cube root number of pieces across all dimensions and reducing it by 1 to get the number of cuts per dimension)

iii) If A=number of pieces then the answer will be in (ii), else the number of cuts will be reduced one by one to find the resultant pieces

#3. What is the maximum and minimum number of times that a cube must be cut to get 85 pieces?

Here maximum cuts will be (85 – 1) = 84

To find minimum cuts –

i) Nearest cube number ≥ 85 is 125

ii) For 125 pieces minimum cuts will be 4 + 4 + 4 = 12

iii) If cuts are reduced on every dimension one by one then,

Cut = 4 + 4 + 3 = 11; Pieces = 5 x 5 x 4 = 100 (≥ 85)

Cuts = 4 + 3 + 3 = 10; Pieces = 5 x 4 x 4 = 80 (< 85)

Hence minimum cuts required to get 85 pieces are 11 (which shall also be answer for any number of pieces from 81 – 100

Colour on Surfaces

When a cube/cuboid is coloured on its surfaces and then cut into smaller cubes, the number of coloured surfaces of the small cubes vary according to its positions.

Let us take for instance the cuboid in fig 6 –

The cuboid has been cut twice through length, thrice through breadth and four times through height and has been cut into (3 x 4 x 5) = 60 pieces. If the surface of the cuboid is coloured then,

Number of small cubes coloured on three surfaces:

Only the small cubes on conrers have 3 surfaces exposed, which shall get coloured; hence there are 8 such cubes.

Number of small cubes coloured on two surfaces:

The small cubes on the edge (barring the corner ones) are the ones which have been coloured on 2 surfaces each. As there are 12 edges, there are exactly 4 edges on the length which have 3 cubes on it (lets call it ‘L’), 4 edges on the breadth, with 4 cubes on it (say ‘B’) and 4 edges on height with 5 cubes on it (will refer as ‘H’).

Each edge has two cubes on the ends which are corner ones and have been coloured on 3 surfaces; hence while adding the small cubes on edges the two corners need to be deducted.

The number of cubes with exactly 2 surfaces coloured shall be –

4 (L-2) + 4 (B-2) + 4 (H-2) = 4[(L-2) + (B-2) + (H-2)]

In this case it will be 4[(3-2) + (4-2) + (5-2)] = 24

Number of small cubes coloured on one surface:

Small cubes which are on the surface of the cuboid and not on edges are coloured on exactly 1 surface.

Total cubes on a surface can be calculated by multiplying any two dimensions in pair eg. (LxB) or (BxH) or (HxL); there being exactly two opposite surfaces for each pair. However, in order to avoid the edges the top-bottom rows and left-right columns need to be deducted from the calculation as follows -

2[(L-2) x (B-2)] + 2[(B-2) x (H-2)] + 2[(H-2) x (L-2)]

= 2[{(L-2) x (B-2)} + {(B-2) x (H-2)} + {(H-2) x (L-2)}]

=2[{(3-2) x (4-2)} + {(4-2) x (5-2)} + {(5-2) x (3-2)}]

= 22

Number of small cubes without any colour:

Small cubes which didn’t get coloured are the ones inside the ones on the surfaces. In order to get the small cubes on surfaces out of the way, length, breadth and height all need to be reduced by 2 to remove the top, bottom, left, right, front and back surfaces. This can be calculated as follows –

(L-2) x (B-2) x (H-2)

= (3-2) x (4-2) x (5-2)

= 6

This can also be reconfirmed by subtracting the sum of small cubes coloured on 1, 2 and 3 surfaces from the total number of small cubes i.e. 60 – (8 + 24 + 22) = 6.